High Rhine
| High Rhine (Hochrhein) | |
|---|---|
 High Rhine near Dörflingen | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Districts | Konstanz, Lörrach, Waldshut |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Cantons | Aargau, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Schaffhausen, Thurgau, Zürich |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Lower Lake Constance (Untersee) west of Gottlieben |
| Mouth | |
• location | Upper Rhine (Oberrhein) at Basel |
| Length | 165 km (103 mi) |
| Basin size | 24900 km2 |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Aare, Birs, Ergolz, Glatt, Sissle, Thur, Töss, |
| • right | Alb, Biber, Murg, Wehra, Wutach |
The High Rhine (German: Hochrhein, pronounced [ˈhoːxˌʁaɪn] ) is the name used for the part of the River Rhine that flows westbound from Lake Constance to the city of Basel. The High Rhine begins at the outflow of the Rhine from the Untersee (Rheinsee) in Stein am Rhein and turns into the Upper Rhine at the Rhine knee (Rheinknie) in Basel. In contrast to both the Alpine Rhine and Upper Rhine, which flow mainly in a south-to-north direction, the High Rhine flows mostly from east to west. Its drainage basin measures 24,900 km2 (9,600 sq mi).[1]
It is marked by Rhine-kilometers 0 to 165, measurements beginning at the outflow of the Obersee at the Old Rhine Bridge in Constance, although the part between the Upper and Lower Lake Constance is also referred to as the Seerhein. The High Rhine is the first of four sections (High Rhine, Upper Rhine, Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine) of the Rhine between Lake Constance and the North Sea. In its western section, the High Rhine mostly marks the border between Germany and Switzerland except in the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt, while in the eastern part, there are several disconnected areas of Switzerland to the north of the river (canton of Schaffhausen and Rafzerfeld). The German enclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein is located on the northern bank of the High Rhine, surrounded by Swiss territory.
The term High Rhine was introduced by scientists in the 19th century.[citation needed] Above all geologists tried to differentiate the High Rhine (Hochrhein) linguistically from the Upper Rhine (German: Oberrhein). Until the 19th century, it was also known as the "Badisch-Swiss Rhine".[2]
Waterfalls and rapids[edit]
The Rhine Falls, which are the largest plain waterfalls of Europe, are in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen. They are 150 metres (490 ft) wide and 23 metres (75 ft) high. In the winter months, the average water flow is 250 cubic metres per second (8,800 cu ft/s), while in the summer, the average water flow is 600 cubic metres per second (21,000 cu ft/s).
The rapids in the High Rhine should be viewed in the context of the relatively high slope—from 395 to 252 metres (1,296 to 827 ft) above sea level in just 165 kilometres (103 mi)—and the change of the river's course during the Würm ice age. In Neuhausen am Rheinfall, the river falls into a previously buried stream channel, forming the Rhine Falls at Schaffhausen. The next rapids are the Kadelburg Rapids at Koblenz. Near Laufenburg, the post-glacial Rhine failed to find the old silted-up channel and hit a spur of Black Forest crystal. The river cut itself a gorge, containing the Laufenburg Rapids. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids have been artificially eliminated by blowing up the rocks and raising the water level with dams.
Interventions[edit]
The character of the river has been changed over long distances by the construction of hydropower stations. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids were removed by blowing up rocks, originally to improve navigation, and later flooded due to the hydropower dams.
Between Stein am Rhein and Diessenhofen, the High Rhine is not dammed. The first power plant of the Rhine is currently at Schaffhausen; it has a damming effect to slightly above Diessenhofen. The next power plant (the Kraftwerk Reckingen) is located at Rekingen[3] and Küssaberg. After Rekingen, the High Rhine flows freely through the Koblenz Rapids to the confluence with the Aare. The next hydropower plant (the Kraftwerk Albbruck-Dogern), is at Leibstadt and Dogern. There are seven more power plants between here and Basel. Altogether, the High Rhine has eleven dams and twelve hydropower plants (there are two plants at the Augst/Wyhlen Dam.
Geography[edit]
Towns[edit]
Some parts of the High Rhine valley are fairly wide; others are more gorge-like. The population density varies accordingly. Prominent towns on the High Rhine include Stein am Rhein, Schaffhausen, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Waldshut, Laufenburg, Bad Säckingen, Rheinfelden and Basel.
The most important organizations for cross-border cooperation on the High Rhine are High Rhine Commission[4] and High Rhine Agency.[4]
Tributaries[edit]
Larger tributaries of the High Rhine are Biber, Thur, Töss, Glatt, Wutach, Aare, Alb, Murg, Sissle, Wehra, Ergolz and Birs.
The Aare with 590 cubic metres per second (21,000 cu ft/s) has a larger discharge than the Rhine with 439 cubic metres per second (15,500 cu ft/s). From hydrological point of view, therefore, the Rhine is a tributary of the Aare, not vice versa. The Rhine is, however, generally considered the main stream, because it is slightly longer than the Aare.
Areas[edit]
Numerous areas along the High Rhine are currently, or were historically considered important. From west to east, they are Dinkelberg, Augstgau, Fricktal, Tabel Jura, Albgau, Aargau, Hotzenwald, Klettgau, Zurzibiet, Zürichgau and Thurgau.
Authorities on the Baden-Württemberg side of the river are organized in a framework called Regionalverband Hochrhein-Bodensee ("Regional cooperation High Rhine — Lake Constance").
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Andreas Gruschke: Der Hochrhein. Eine alemannische Flusslandschaft. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1995, ISBN 3-89155-183-5
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ "Überblicksbericht der Flussgebietsgemeinschaft Rhein zur Bewirtschaftungsplanung nach Wasserrahmenrichtlinie für den 3. Bewirtschaftungszeitraum" (PDF). 10 December 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ^ Valenta, Reinhard (1997). "Eine Landschaft im Wandel; Der Hochrhein zwischen Waldshut und Rheinfelden [A changing landscape; the High Rhine between Waldshut and Rheinfelden]". In M. Bosch; A. Enderle; H. Fricker; R. Valenta (eds.). Der Hochrhein. Karlsruhe: G. Braun. pp. 6–29.
- ^ The town of Rekingen on the Swiss side of the river spells its name with -k-; the village on the German side spells its name with -ck-; since the power station is on the German side, it uses the -ck- spelling
- ^ a b "Home". hochrhein.org.
External links[edit]
- Rhine Falls homepage
- Photographs of the Rhine Falls
- Spanish guide
- High Rhine:Pictures
- High Rhine Commission and High Rhine Agency
47°40′46″N 8°36′59″E / 47.67944°N 8.61639°E
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